???? 據今日油價網站2月20日消息 Covid-19再次導致石油和天然氣行業的就業率大幅下降。盡管預計經濟復蘇到來時就業率會有所上升，但就業率基本不會回到幾年前的輝煌。然而，雷斯塔能源的一份分析報告顯示，有一個能源行業將成為新的能源就業天堂——海上風電。到本世紀末，對海上風電員工的需求將增加兩倍，從2020年的29.7萬個全職崗位激增86.8萬個。事實上，由于2025年的就業需求可能達到約58.9萬個崗位，招聘熱潮在本世紀中葉就已經顯現。
????雷斯塔能源估計，到2025年，海上風電裝機容量可能增至110吉瓦（GW），到2030年將增至250吉瓦，這種多產的增長需要大量熟練的員工。在雷斯塔能源的分析中，計算了全職等效（FTE）工人數量的人員需求（一人一年的全職工作，不考慮實際工作時間），并且僅包括全球海上風電容量部署驅動的直接和間接工作。
????直接工作涉及開發、制造、施工、安裝以及海上風電場的運營和維護。間接工作涉及所消耗的材料和服務，如支持海上風力渦輪機的鋼鐵廠的工人、供應機艙部件的公司的電子工人以及可再生能源監管機構的工作人員。
????這些工作分為建設與開發（C&D）和運營與維護（O&M）兩類，前者通常是資本支出，后者與運營支出有關。預計未來十年，C&D工作崗位將占就業崗位的大部分，不過隨著2030年的臨近，C&D工作崗位在總就業崗位中所占的比例將有所下降。
????與此同時，在風電場裝機容量的推動下，運營和維護工作崗位在2020年占總工作崗位的7%左右，2025年將占12%左右。隨著海上風電裝機容量的快速增長，運維將在總就業崗位中獲得更大份額。然而，C&D的角色仍將占據主導地位，因為一個典型的海上風電場在投產前花費了60-70%的資本支出，這需要一到三年的時間。
????與制造業相關的C&D角色（渦輪機、電纜、變電站和基礎）約占總潛力的66%，而安裝工作占10%，項目開發占4%。O&M在總就業潛力中增加了20%的份額。
????到2030年，渦輪制造業將繼續創造大部分就業崗位，占總就業崗位的54%。因此，西門子歌美颯、Vestas、Goldwind和GE可再生能源等渦輪機制造商預計將在未來幾年雇傭更多勞動力，并為更大的渦輪機建立更多工廠。
????王磊 摘譯自 今日油價
????原文如下：
????Offshore Wind Industry Looks To Add Nearly 1 Million New Jobs
????The Covid-19 downturn has once again caused employment rates to plummet in the oil and gas industry. Even though some uptick is expected when the recovery arrives, employment will never return to the glories of just a few years ago. However, there is an energy segment that will be the new hiring haven for energy jobs, a Rystad Energy analysis shows – offshore wind. Demand for offshore wind staff will triple by the end of the decade, surging to 868,000 full-time jobs from an estimated 297,000 in 2020. In fact, the hiring spree will already be visible in the middle of the decade, as jobs demand could reach about 589,000 in 2025.
????Rystad Energy estimates offshore wind installed capacity could rise to 110 gigawatts (GW) by 2025 and 250 GW by 2030. This prolific growth will require a lot of skilled employees. In our analysis we have calculated the staffing needs in the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) workers – one year of full-time employment for one person regardless of actual hours – and included only direct and indirect jobs driven by offshore wind capacity deployment globally.
????Direct jobs relate to development manufacturing, construction, installation, and the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms. Indirect jobs relate to materials and services consumed, such as workers in steel plants supporting offshore wind turbines, electronics workers at companies supplying nacelle components, and staff of renewable energy regulatory institutions.
????The jobs are grouped as construction and development (C&D) – which are typically capital expenditures – and operation and maintenance (O&M) roles – which relate to operational expenditures. The C&D jobs are expected to account for most of the employment over the next decade, although its share of the total employment decreases as we approach 2030.
????O&M jobs, meanwhile, driven by the installed capacity of wind farms, have contributed about 7% of the total job count in 2020 and will make up about 12% in 2025. With a rapid increase in offshore wind installed capacity, O&M will gain a larger share of the total jobs. C&D roles will still dominate, however, because a typical offshore wind farm spends 60-70% of its capex in the lead-up to its commissioning, which takes between one and three years.
????C&D roles related to manufacturing – turbines, cables, substations and foundations – contribute about 66% of the total potential, while installation jobs account for 10% and project development for 4%. O&M adds a 20% share to the total jobs potential.
????By 2030, turbine manufacturing will continue to create most of the jobs, accounting for 54% of the total. Therefore, turbine manufacturers such as Siemens Gamesa, Vestas, Goldwind and GE Renewable Energy are expected to employ additional labor and establish more factories for bigger turbines in the coming years.
